Glycolic acid production technology

Description and properties of the substance

Chenodeoxycholic acid has the property of dissolving gallstones. This is one of the most important bile acids for the body, produced in liver cells. Once in the gallbladder, it acts specifically on cholesterol stones, dissolving them, providing protection to the liver and the entire body from gallstone disease. In addition to dissolving stones, this acid reduces the amount of cholesterol synthesized in the liver. It follows that the bile becomes less saturated with it, so the formation of new cholesterol stones is minimized.

What other benefits are there?

Glycolic acid has anti-aging properties. The same dead cells that cause acne also cause dull skin. In our youth, our cellular metabolism goes quite quickly, but after 25 the process begins to slow down, and glycolic acid helps compensate for this.

Another advantage of using a product with acid: it helps restore pigmentation that deteriorates due to exposure to sunlight or scars. Any AHA acids help even out the overall tone of the skin and get rid of large amounts of excess pigment.

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Read on topic: 7 ingredients to look for in cosmetics

The use of acid also stimulates the production of collagen, which affects the firmness and elasticity of the skin, and regular use allows you to prepare the skin for other beauty products: retinol, antioxidants, vitamins C and other products.

Medicines

Preparations containing chenodeoxycholic acid:

1. Henofalk. The drug is from Doctor Falk Pharma GmbH, manufactured in Germany.
2. Henochol. Medicine from ICN GALENIKA. Country of origin: Serbia.
3. Hyeonosan. Medicine made by PRO.MED.CS Praha as in the Czech Republic.

Preparations from well-known imported manufacturers are high-quality and effective medicinal raw materials.

Application

The drugs are prescribed for gallstone disease with the presence of cholesterol stones up to 20 millimeters in diameter. In this case, the gallbladder must perform its function, that is, accumulate, concentrate and discharge bile when food enters the digestive system. Cholesterol stones are the most common formations of the bladder, since cholesterol becomes the basis of all stones formed in this organ. The use of the above drugs is a good alternative to surgical treatment of cholelithiasis.

Benefits of Glycolic Acid for Skin

Glycolic acid not only has the smallest molecule size of the alpha hydroxy acids, but its benefits are also the most well studied. It has been shown to be beneficial for a wide range of ages and skin types, making it one of the most popular AHAs for use in skin care products. In addition to exfoliating, glycolic acid also rejuvenates the skin and helps it retain moisture for improved hydration.

Here are some of the other benefits associated with glycolic acid:

• When used in professional concentrations, it is extremely effective as a chemical peel and is safe for use on a variety of skin types and skin conditions.
• It is safe for daily use in skin care products without causing irritation when used as directed.
• The natural version is derived from plants that have botanical properties that may be beneficial for skin conditions such as psoriasis, melasma and seborrheic keratosis.
• It can be used in products designed to treat scars, skin discoloration, and visible signs of aging such as fine lines and wrinkles.
• It improves the skin's ability to retain moisture, leaving skin feeling more hydrated over time - very effective in moisturizers even at constant concentrations.
• It has been shown to increase collagen production, helping skin look firmer and smoother, with fewer fine lines and wrinkles.

Now that you have a better understanding of alpha hydroxy acids and what makes glycolic acid different from the rest, you may be wondering how to best harness the benefits of this AHA for your own skin. Read on to find out more...

Instructions for chenodeoxycholic acid

Features of the use of drugs:

• "Henofalk" is used daily, once a day before bedtime. The dosage is 15 mg per kilogram of weight. The capsules are not chewed and washed down with water in the required amount. The maximum dose is 1.5 grams per day. Treatment is long-term - from three months to 3 years. Treatment should be carried out under ultrasound control, since the absence of a decrease in the diameter of the stones after six months serves as a reason to stop taking the medication.
• "Henochol" is used in a daily dose of 15-18 mg per kilogram of the patient's weight. The manufacturer recommends dividing the dose into three doses and taking one capsule in the morning and lunchtime, and 2 capsules in the evening. The maximum that can be taken per day is 1.5 grams. The duration of treatment depends on the size of the stones, but therapy should not be less than 6 months, and in cases where the stones reach 15-20 mm, you have to take the medicine for up to two years. Having measured the diameter of the stones using an ultrasound diagnostic device, after 6 months the feasibility of further taking Henochol is assessed. In case of successful dissolution of cholesterol stones in patients prone to increased stone formation due to metabolic characteristics, it is recommended to take the drug prophylactically for another month, one capsule per day, repeating the monthly course every 90 days.
• "Henosan" is used for oral administration, calculating the daily dose of 15 mg per kilogram of weight. On average, 3-6 capsules are obtained (no more than 1.5 grams per day), which are taken once in the evening. The capsules should be swallowed whole with the required amount of water. Treatment must be continued for 6 months to a year. The effectiveness of stone dissolution is assessed after six months using ultrasound. For preventive purposes, repeated courses are recommended after several months.

It is necessary to treat with drugs strictly according to the instructions for use of chenodeoxycholic acid.

Excerpt describing Glycolic acid

“God have mercy, you never need a doctor,” she said. Suddenly a gust of wind hit one of the exposed frames of the room (by the will of the prince, one frame was always displayed with larks in each room) and, knocking off the poorly closed bolt, fluttered the damask curtain, and, smelling cold and snow, blew out the candle. Princess Marya shuddered; The nanny, having put down the stocking, went to the window and leaned out and began to catch the folded frame. The cold wind ruffled the ends of her scarf and the gray, stray strands of hair. - Princess, mother, someone is driving along the road ahead! - she said, holding the frame and not closing it. - With lanterns, it must be, doctor... - Oh my God! God bless! - said Princess Marya, - we must go meet him: he doesn’t know Russian. Princess Marya threw on her shawl and ran towards those traveling. When she passed the front hall, she saw through the window that some kind of carriage and lanterns were standing at the entrance. She went out onto the stairs. There was a tallow candle on the railing post and it was flowing from the wind. The waiter Philip, with a frightened face and another candle in his hand, stood below, on the first landing of the stairs. Even lower, around the bend, along the stairs, moving footsteps in warm boots could be heard. And some familiar voice, as it seemed to Princess Marya, said something. - God bless! - said the voice. - And father? “They’ve gone to bed,” answered the voice of the butler Demyan, who was already downstairs. Then the voice said something else, Demyan answered something, and footsteps in warm boots began to approach faster along the invisible bend of the stairs. "This is Andrey! - thought Princess Marya. No, this cannot be, it would be too unusual,” she thought, and at the same moment as she was thinking this, on the platform on which the waiter stood with a candle, the face and figure of Prince Andrei appeared in a fur coat with a collar sprinkled with snow. Yes, it was him, but pale and thin, and with a changed, strangely softened, but alarming expression on his face. He walked onto the stairs and hugged his sister.

Contraindications

Contraindications to taking chenodeoxycholic acid drugs are:

• Stones whose size exceeds 20 mm.
• Stones with a powerful calcium frame.
• The gallbladder is clogged to capacity with stones and does not perform its function.
• Acute cholecystitis.
• Acute or chronic hepatitis of any nature.
• Acute inflammation of the bile ducts.
• Decompensation and end-stage cirrhosis.
• Presence of liver failure.
• Kidney failure.
• Blockage of the bile ducts with stones.
• Peptic ulcer of the stomach, duodenum during exacerbation.
• Malabsorption syndrome.
• Ulcerative colitis, enteritis.
• Pregnancy.
• Breast-feeding.
• Intolerance to the main substance or auxiliary components.

Release form of chenodeoxycholic acid

Medicines are produced in the following forms:

• "Henofalk" is produced in capsules with a dosage of 250 mg of active ingredient. Records of 25 pieces, packed in a box of two or four blisters.
• "Chenochol" is produced in capsules containing chenodeoxycholic acid in which is 250 mg. The capsules are sealed in blisters of eight pieces. The cardboard package contains seven blisters.
• "Henosan" is produced in capsules containing chenodeoxycholic acid 250 mg, blisters of ten capsules in a cardboard package of five pieces.

Glycolic acid 70%

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Glycolic acid - types and forms Glycolic acid is a multifunctional product that is used in many areas of the production of industrial and consumer chemicals, therefore it is produced and supplied in several forms. The correct choice of the type of glycolic acid guarantees the manufacturer of the final product high quality, and the consumer the optimal result of using the product. According to the form of release, glycolic acid is divided into several types, each of which has its own application. Technical grade glycolic acid is a 70% aqueous solution that is used in the production of industrial cleaning products, automotive oil additives, consumer household chemicals, and household detergents. Highly pure 70% aqueous solution is a purified form of glycolic acid in which the presence of residual organic and inorganic contaminants is minimized compared to the technical form. High-purity glycolic acid is used in the production of cosmetics, fine chemicals, specialty chemicals and the food industry. The high-purity crystalline form is a small, colorless, prism-shaped crystal of glycolic acid (99% pure) that is used in applications where the absence of water is required in the production of chemicals and cosmetics. Glycol ethers – clear liquid glycolic acid esters are used as a high-quality solvent in the pulp and paper, paint and varnish and chemical industries.

Glycolic acid in cosmetology Glycolic acid is most widely used in cosmetology. Moreover, the use of both an aqueous, highly pure 70% solution and a crystalline form is justified. The different effects of glycolic acid on the skin are determined by the concentration of the solutions, so with its help you can achieve good results in many cosmetic procedures: • reduction of wrinkles and skin folds; • smoothing out scars and skin irregularities; • normalization of sebaceous skin metabolism; • renewal of skin cells; • treatment of pimples and acne; • restoration of skin elasticity; • elimination of age spots. Glycolic peeling has become recognized and widespread among cosmetologists, as it allows several caring operations to be performed within one cosmetic procedure: cleansing the skin, restoring the skin, removing comedones, stimulating collagen production, and preventing the appearance of wrinkles. The popularity of glycolic acid is due to its low toxicity, hypoallergenicity and high penetrating ability. Glycolic acid has the smallest molecular size compared to other fruit acids, therefore it gives a more effective result. For peeling, an aqueous solution of 10% and 20% concentration is used, which is easily obtained from the original aqueous 70% solution of glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is also included in skin care cosmetics. These can be anti-wrinkle creams, moisturizing cosmetics, serums that increase skin elasticity, whitening and anti-aging products that are intended for the general public. With the constant use of daily products containing glycolic acid, the condition of the skin improves, the regenerative processes in the skin layers are activated, the skin is rejuvenated and its freshness is restored.

Glycolic acid in household detergents and cleaning products Due to its ability to perfectly dissolve hard salts in water, glycolic acid is widely used in the production of household detergents and cleaning chemicals. By binding Ca and Mg in a liquid medium and precipitating iron oxide, glycolic acid helps produce readily soluble compounds that are easily washed off with water. The transparency of the solution, low odor and low volatility make it possible to combine glycolic acid with other cleaning and detergent components, as well as fragrances, dyes and other acids that increase the cleaning effect. Manufacturers who produce highly effective cleaning and detergent products always use glycolic acid in various forms in their formulations. In domestic laundries, glycolic acid is used as a liquid starter for washing various fabrics on automatic laundry equipment. The liquid form with a high degree of solubility in water is ideal for high-quality washing. The environmental friendliness of glycolic acid solutions is due to its rapid biodegradability and washability, since it does not accumulate in the environment. The ability to control the pH of any working solution makes glycolic acid effective for laundry and cleaning in hard water conditions. Detergents containing glycolic acid prevent the secondary absorption of dirt by fibers from the washing solution. This process is especially noticeable when washing with organic detergents or soap - over time, with repeated washing, you can observe the graying of light-colored fabrics. Glycolic acid helps retain washed-off dirt in the aqueous washing solution, thereby improving the quality of washing.

Glycolic acid for cleaning industrial equipment Technical glycolic acid is widely in demand as an industrial cleaning chemical with low toxicity. Compared to other mineral or carboxylic acids, glycolic acid has unique advantages: high reactivity and chelating ability, low corrosiveness, lack of unpleasant odor and high biological activity. Using an aqueous solution of glycolic acid, equipment for various purposes is cleaned. • Cleaning of vehicles (aluminum and stainless steel parts in trains, trucks, airplanes). • Cleaning of broilers and heat exchange equipment (calcium carbonate scale and iron oxide deposits are removed), high-pressure steam boilers, preventing the occurrence of chloride corrosion of surfaces. • Cleaning water wells to remove rust and scale, since the glycolic acid solution binds Fe, Ca and Mg, which greatly simplifies the process of removing waste from wells. • Oil and gas industry equipment is cleaned with glycolic acid in combination with hydrochloric or sulfamic acids. Glycolic acid is a unique cleaning agent for oil and gas equipment due to its non-flammability, which ensures high safety for industrial cleaning of operating equipment. Cleaners and disinfectants containing glycolic acid can be used on equipment at 80°C, while other acidic chemicals can only be used at 40°C. The DuPont company offers glycolic acid as a promising reagent for increasing oil production. When treating oil-bearing formations with glycolic acid, oil recovery significantly increases and corrosion of submersible equipment decreases. Being a biodegradable reagent and having high bactericidal properties, glycolic acid is widely used in cooling systems of oil refineries.

Glycolic acid in the food and dairy industry Any production of food and nutrition and dairy products requires careful and timely cleaning of process equipment. Glycolic acid has unique properties that make it an excellent cleaning agent for removing deposits from internal equipment surfaces, including milkstone, scale and casein. The ability to bind Ca and Mg together allows glycolic acid to dissolve scale faster than other acids. The environmental friendliness and harmlessness of glycolic acid is determined by its complete biodegradability, non-volatility, non-toxicity and low volatility. Equipment for the dairy and food industry is usually made of stainless steel. Glycolic acid has a low degree of corrosion in relation to stainless steel, which significantly increases the service life of production equipment: process pipelines, milking machines, heat exchangers, containers, containers, and equipment. Today, glycolic acid is included in cleaning agents for equipment for processing eggs, poultry and meat in poultry farms. Residues of detergents and cleaning products containing glycolic acid are easily dissolved in drinking water and washed off from surfaces without residue. The use of products with glycolic acid ensures the safety and long-term operation of equipment. Polymers derived from glycolic acid are used in food packaging for surface treatment. Glycol polymers are an excellent barrier material that prevents oxygen from penetrating into the packaging. Glycolic acid ether carboxymethylcellulose is widely used in the food industry as a thickener E466 in the production of jelly, ice cream, marmalade, mousse, cream, confectionery, and jam.

Glycolic Acid in Metalworking Many metalworking processes are greatly simplified by the use of glycolic acid. Technical glycolic acid has low volatility. This prevents acid loss and reduces the need to use powerful ventilation equipment. The low toxicity of glycolic acid increases the safety of all metal processing operations. • Metal etching with glycolic acid prevents the precipitation of unwanted metals, reducing downstream processing steps. Cleaning occurs quickly and effectively, followed by removal of etching waste from the metal surface. • Polishing in glycolic acid baths gives a gloss to copper surfaces and copper alloy parts, which is the protective outer layer of the part, primarily against corrosion. • Galvanic processes. The ability of glycolic acid to form stable complexes with multivalent metals is used to obtain salts of aluminum, chromium, lead, cobalt, tin, and nickel in electroplating baths. To deposit nickel on the surface by electrolysis, sodium salt of glycolic acid is used. Glycolic acid is often used as the main element of an acidic polish for polishing various copper objects and utensils in the home. Polishing teapots, pots and pans with glycolic acid gives excellent results. Metal stampers use glycolic acid for etching and polishing products.

Glycolic acid in medicine Due to its unique properties, glycolic acid is used in medicine. Practical application is the production of biodegradable copolymers and homopolymers, which are the basis for the creation of self-absorbable implants and suture surgical materials. Surgical suture material is needed to connect the internal and external tissues and to maintain this connection for some time until complete healing. Modern synthetic absorbable sutures are made from polyglycolic acid and polyglycaprone. Glycolic acid polymer threads are rapidly absorbable - 40-45 days, maintaining biological strength is 7-10 days. Polyglycol threads are used in all areas of general surgery, where it is necessary to connect internal and external tissues with sutures, in urology and plastic surgery. The short period of resorption prevents the formation of urinary or gallstones on the threads and saves the patient from further surgical removal of the threads. Having high strength, polyglycol threads do not cause inflammatory reactions or swelling, which is especially important for purulent wounds and plastic surgeries. The absolute non-toxicity and hypoallergenic nature of glycolic acid make materials based on it safe for patients. Biodegradable (self-absorbable) implants are made from polymers using glycolic acid, these include plates, screws, supporting meshes, membranes, bone grafts, which are used in maxillofacial surgery, traumatology, dentistry, and sports medicine. Biodegradable implants have high initial strength and hardness, as well as controlled strength in a living organism after insertion, are safe, biocompatible and sterile. After disintegration, the implants are converted by hydrolysis into carbon dioxide and water, which are naturally excreted from the body.

Crystalline glycolic acid For fine chemical production, glycolic acid in crystalline form is preferred. Glycolic acid crystals are characterized by a high degree of purity (99%), the amount of residual organic and inorganic contaminants is minimized. The crystalline form of glycolic acid is obtained from a 70% aqueous solution by cooling its temperature to no higher than 10°C with constant stirring. Acceleration of the technological process of crystallization is achieved by adding pre-prepared seed crystals of glycolic acid to the initial solution. The mass of seed crystals in the initial solution depends on the concentration of glycolic acid oligomers. The higher the concentration of oligomers, the greater the number of seed crystals required. In the absence of prepared seed crystals, accelerated mixing technology is used during cooling. The optimal mixing intensity ensures that the rate of crystal formation is several times higher than the rate of nucleation of glycolic acid crystals. The resulting crystals are filtered and dried at room temperature. The crystalline form of glycolic acid remains stable at temperatures up to 50°C and humidity 95%, which allows the final product to be transported over long distances in critical external conditions. Glycolic acid crystals are used in many areas of human life. In cosmetology for the production of water-free skin care products, for the creation of medical preparations, for the production of high-purity gentle cleaning products and the production of multicomponent glycol ethers and complex chemical compounds.

Esters of glycolic acid There are several of the most popular glycolic ethers, the variety of applications of which extends to the oil, chemical, construction, light and food industries. • Methyldipropylene glycol - is a mixture of isomers that is used as a high-boiling solvent for cellulose, nitrocellulose, synthetic and natural resins. Methyldipropylene glycol is characterized by a low odor and a transparent medium. The slow evaporation of the substance has made it popular for its use as an additive to varnishes and paints to control the rate of evaporation and improve the fluidity of products. Methyldipropelene glycol improves the covering properties of varnishes, paints, and the film-forming qualities of dispersions. • Ethyl triglycol is a monoethyl ether with low hygroscopicity, low odor and neutral color, close to transparent. It is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, paints, synthetic and organic resins. Ethylene triglycol is also used in the production of detergents. Insecticides, printing inks, paints for wooden surfaces, brake fluids, plasticizers for building mixtures. The substance is highly stable, since when the temperature changes, the viscosity of ethylene triglycol remains unchanged. • Metaxybutanol is a liquid essential substance that perfectly dissolves nitrocellulose, polyvinibutyral, formaldehyde resins, plasticizers, and fats. Metaxybutanol is characterized by a low evaporation rate, which is similar to butanol. • Carboxymethylcellulose is an ether of glycolic acid and cellulose in the form of a light, tasteless and odorless powder. Easily dissolves in water, forming viscous solutions that are used as a thickener for building mixtures, resorbent, plasticizer, construction adhesive, concrete additive, thickener for putties and paints. Widely used in the food industry as a food additive E466 in the production of ice cream, jelly, marmalade, cream, mousse, jam and other products.

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Side effects

Chenodeoxycholic acid preparations are usually well tolerated. Among the side effects, mild allergic reactions are possible, manifested in the form of a skin rash or itching. In patients taking large doses of the drug for a long time, it is possible that liver transaminases in a biochemical blood test may exceed the norm, which indicates a toxic effect of the drug on liver cells, where active metabolic transformations of the active substance occur.

A significant increase in ALT and ASAT requires a revision of dosages. Paroxysmal pain in the right hypochondrium (biliary colic) may occur when stones dissolved by the drug move. If the pain is short-term, then the medication continues without changes. Intestinal manifestations in the form of diarrhea appear with high doses and intensive dissolution of stones, which is accompanied by an increase in the fat content in the stool.

Alpha Hydroxy Acids Review

Alpha hydroxy acids are a group of acids, both natural and synthetic, that are used to exfoliate the outermost layers of skin. By removing the top layer of dead skin cells, AHAs help reveal fresher, purified skin that becomes smoother and more hydrated over time. With continued use, AHAs can reduce the appearance of wrinkles, leaving your skin visibly smoother.

The best alpha hydroxy acids for skin care include the following:

• Glycolic Acid - Derived from sugar cane, glycolic acid is the simplest in structure and has the smallest molecular size of all alpha hydroxy acids. This means it penetrates the skin better, delivering benefits below the surface of the skin. It improves the skin's ability to retain moisture and improves firmness, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and sun damage.
• Lactic Acid – The natural form of lactic acid is obtained from milk, blueberries or passion fruit. Lactic acid produces the same results as glycolic acid but is considered less irritating due to its larger molecule size. This AHA does not penetrate the skin as deeply as glycolic acid, but it is still often used as an exfoliant.
• Malic Acid – Similar to glycolic and lactic acids, malic acid is used as an exfoliant, but it also has antioxidant properties. The natural form is derived from apples, and malic acid is often used in combination with other AHAs.
• Tartaric Acid – This acid is naturally found in grapes. Its molecule size is smaller than malic acid, but almost twice that of glycolic acid. It is also used for exfoliation and helps maintain the skin's natural pH range that other AHAs require for best results.
• Citric Acid – Citric acid can be extracted from citrus fruits. In higher concentrations, 10% or more, it can be used as an exfoliant, although it has a fairly low pH and may be irritating to sensitive skin. For this reason, it is usually used in lower concentrations as a pH regulator or antioxidant and used in combination with other AHAs.

While each of these alpha hydroxy acids has its own benefits, we're focusing on glycolic acid. This AHA is typically used in concentrations of 5% or greater to improve the appearance of skin, reducing signs of sun damage, wrinkles, and age spots.