Laser facial resurfacing is based on the effect of laser on the facial skin. Leveling the relief of the epidermis is achieved by evaporating soft tissues.
During the procedure, the emitter diffuses deeper into the skin than during chemical peeling.
This eliminates the stratum corneum of the epidermis, and through dynamic cell division, a healthy skin surface is formed.
At the same time, the laser resurfacing technique frees the client from many problems. What can the procedure do?
Characteristics of laser facial resurfacing
Laser facial resurfacing (also known as laser peeling) is a cosmetic procedure that is performed with a laser device and is aimed at removing the dead layer of epithelium.
This is a fairly serious procedure that can cause irreversible consequences: scar formation, hypo- or hyperpigmentation of the skin, loss of fat, etc.
This is why laser resurfacing should only be carried out by an experienced specialist.
In addition to minimizing unwanted age-related changes and eliminating scars, laser therapy activates collagen production.
This happens due to the intensification of natural processes caused by the procedure.
Laser rejuvenation can be safely classified as a progressive method. Every year more and more people undergo this procedure.
Plastic surgeon Barry Weintraub
Manipulation leads to increased blood flow. The difference between gentle laser resurfacing is that the layer of epidermis is removed only from certain areas of the skin.
Exposure of the beam only to microzones reduces the time period allotted for recovery at the end of the skin procedure.
In terms of performance and effectiveness, a cosmetic laser technique can compete with a surgical procedure aimed at correcting defects on the face.
Features of skin changes after the procedure and their duration
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Laser resurfacing is carried out in the presence of acne, persistent wrinkles and pigmentation, disorders of the skin texture, including the presence of hypertrophic or atrophic scars, reduced turgor and sagging skin, etc. on the face, neck, hands and other parts of the body.
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For these purposes, carbon dioxide Fraxel is usually used, which is a CO2 laser that acts on the skin according to the principle of fractional photothermolysis. This procedure results in serious traumatic (burn) damage to the skin. After laser resurfacing with a CO2 laser, the exposed area looks like a continuous wound surface, since fractional photothermolysis consists of point structural destruction to a depth of 2 mm in limited areas of the skin under the influence of high temperatures generated under the influence of light (laser) energy. Local changes after laser treatment are as follows.
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The main stages of the processes during the recovery period
Restoration of the wound surface begins 1 day after the procedure. Its duration, if the care conditions are properly followed, ranges from 1 – 2 weeks to 1 month, which is influenced by the depth of laser exposure and the individual characteristics of the body.
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Immediately after exposure, the entire treatment area becomes sharply hyperemic, that is, it acquires an intense red color, which, to a greater or lesser extent, persists for about 1 month after the procedure. Its intensity also mainly depends on the depth of laser penetration, the quality of skin protection from subsequent ultraviolet irradiation and the influence of other irritating factors, as well as on the individual characteristics of the blood supply in a given area for a particular patient.
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In addition to pronounced hyperemia, traces of the influence of the laser beam are noticeable throughout the entire area, which have the form of pinpoint reddish holes located at a certain distance from each other. Brownish spots may appear in areas with excess pigmentation prior to the procedure. Moderate pain, a burning sensation and rawness, as well as weeping due to sweating of serous-hemorrhagic fluid occur.
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On the first day, as a result of the active inflammatory process, the influx of blood and the release of its liquid fraction into the tissue, swelling of the latter occurs and increases. When treating the face, it is especially pronounced in the periorbital region, in the area of the lower eyelids and the lower 1/3 of the face, which increases in volume. Swelling reaches its maximum on the second day and gradually decreases from the 3rd to 4th day of the recovery period.
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The first week after photothermolysis is the most difficult stage of the rehabilitation period. At this time, as a result of skin damage and weeping, crusts form, rough removal of which can disrupt the healing process and lead not only to infection, but also to the formation of scar tissue.
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After laser scar resurfacing, these damages are very limited. Accordingly, activities during the recovery period are usually limited to local care for a small wound. Unlike single scars, stretch marks are located over a large area of skin. In addition, due to the fact that these atrophic scars are located below the skin surface, their correction requires resurfacing of the surrounding healthy skin, rich in small vessels and nerve endings.
What laser is used (CO2 or erbium)?
There are 2 types of laser used for resurfacing:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2). Remarkably polishes scars, stretch marks, eliminates skin tumors. The disadvantage of its use is the strong heating (10 µm) of the treated micro-areas. As a result, the skin occasionally suffers from burns, which affects the prolongation of healing.
- Erbium. It emits (5 microns) several micro-rays at once, so the outgoing heat is dissipated and does not cause burning on sensitive skin. This beam helps to achieve a lifting effect on the delicate skin surface of the eyelids and neck.
The rehabilitation period after an erbium laser is half as long when compared with a CO2 laser. In addition, it can be used to treat thin, dry leather.
Dermatologic surgeon Corey Frucht
The laser resurfacing procedure on the face is practically painless for the patient, since gel anesthesia or anesthesia with the use of the drug orally is chosen.
Advantages and disadvantages of laser resurfacing
There are different methods of laser rejuvenation (biorevitalization, blepharoplasty, etc.). They all have their pros and cons. This also applies to laser resurfacing.
At the end of the cosmetic procedure, firmness and smoothness of the skin surface are quickly achieved. The rash, visible wrinkles and irregularities “run away” from the epidermis.
Obtaining a positive result is facilitated by the professionalism of the cosmetologist, who will select the right type of laser for a specific patient.
The erbium laser ER:YAG is gaining particular popularity.
Plastic surgeon Smita Ramanadham
5 main advantages
- Slowing down the skin aging process. The most pronounced effect appears in the area of the nasolabial furrows and near the eyes.
- Elimination of skin unevenness in the form of scars, scars, and age-related dents. Irregularities disappear under the action of grinding. Elimination of such problems occurs upon completion of the course of procedures. Pimples disappear after one session.
- An improvement in tone appears at the end of the recovery period. The face acquires a light, uniform shade without the presence of freckles or pigmentation.
- The narrowing of pores is achieved by updating and strengthening natural processes.
- New cells are formed that are not clogged with fat and dirt deposits.
Conventional laser resurfacing and fractional laser rejuvenation differ from each other. In the first case, the entire area is processed. If fractional photothermolysis (as it is also called) is carried out, specific zones (fractions) are processed.
Plastic surgeon Injili Kitto
Cons of the procedure
- Painful sensations during the event that are not completely removed by local anesthesiology. General anesthesia is rarely used for laser resurfacing.
- Not an easy rehabilitation (2-4 weeks), requiring care for the skin surface established after the course. It is necessary to use prescribed creams, ointments, and sometimes anesthetics. At the end of the activities, the patient may experience: itching of the facial skin, increased body temperature.
A detailed consultation with a cosmetologist will help reduce the possibility of unwanted consequences after sessions.
The specialist will minimize risks and determine whether the client has any contraindications to laser facial resurfacing.
Prohibitions for the procedure include herpes, diabetes, psoriasis, and the acute phase of a chronic disease. Those with wounds on the epidermis, pregnant women and breastfeeding women will be temporarily refused sessions.
Laser resurfacing is attractive because it achieves a multifaceted effect without damaging the skin with injections with synthetic products.
What is a fractional laser procedure?
The cosmetology field is developing more and more actively over time. Methods for treating various structural disorders of the epidermis are not only surgical or traditional interventions, but also conservative hardware ones. Various physical phenomena are used to change the structure of the skin:
A fractional laser is a point beam of a large amount of energy that heats the inside and extracellular fluid at a certain depth (depending on the wavelength), initiating evaporation and thermal burn or the release of biologically active substances.
For a visual representation of this process, you can familiarize yourself with a large number of resources, rich photos and videos of this treatment method.
Depending on the method of exposure, ablative and non-ablative lasers are distinguished. The main distinguishing feature between them is the ability to initiate ablation (evaporation) of the outer layer of the skin.
Due to its long wavelength, an ablative laser has low penetrating ability; therefore, all the energy accumulates in the surface layers relative to the beam and has a damaging effect in the form of cell evaporation. The result is a deep wound that exposes the inner layers of skin. Currently, carbon dioxide laser is used.
Non-ablative lasers have a shorter wavelength, which increases penetration and allows you to choose the depth of the effect. Unlike ablative, cell destruction does not occur. A typical representative of this type is the erbium laser.
As a result of exposure to fractional lasers, they stimulate the production of specific proteins that perform the following roles:
Fractional laser methods are used in the treatment of the following diseases:
- Disorders of skin pigmentation (melasma, lentigo).
- Structural pathologies of the epidermal layer of the skin.
- Pore expansion.
- Scarring.
- Stretch marks.
- Significant increase in the number of folds.
- Age-related changes (significant decrease in turgor with the formation of wrinkles of moderate depth).
- Acne and post-acne, stretch marks.
Contraindications
The laser has a significant effect not only on a limited area of the skin, but also on the entire body, causing damage. To successfully restore a damaged structure, various systems are involved, therefore, for high efficiency of the procedure with a low probability of unwanted effects, it is not recommended to perform this procedure for people with certain pathologies.
Among the diseases and conditions, there are those in which under no circumstances it is impossible to carry out the procedure (absolute) and those in which it is possible to carry out photothermolysis after cupping (relative). The absolute ones include:
Relative contraindications include:
- Allergic reactions to taking local analgesics.
- Disruption of the excretory system.
- Similar procedures performed in less than 2–3 months for the dermal layer and in 10 days for the epidermal layer of the skin.
- Autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
Complications
After laser resurfacing of the face, a burn occurs, characterized by pain, burning, and itching. Undesirable pathological symptoms after a fractional laser procedure can occur either if the principles of therapy are not followed, or if the patient ignores adequate postoperative skin care. The risk of complications is extremely unlikely.
Among the pathological reactions are:
How is laser resurfacing done?
The manipulation is carried out by a plastic surgeon or cosmetologist in the following sequence:
- Having assessed the condition of the facial skin, the doctor determines the type of laser for the event and the type of anesthesia.
- First, he cleans the skin surface 60 minutes before the event with an antiseptic and provides anesthesia.
- Next, the surgeon (cosmetologist) puts on protective glasses for himself and the client and begins grinding. Technologically, a cycle is maintained that is aimed at achieving the goal.
Tell us during your consultation about your preferred result on the specified area of the face.
Deep polishing of wrinkles
This grinding after the preparatory period occurs in the following sequence:
- initial movements of the laser eliminate the outer layer - the epidermis;
- subsequent slow advances of the beam carry out layer-by-layer evaporation of the dermis from different main zones;
- The final laser passes reduce the depth of the nasolabial folds.
This order is followed three times during the procedure. The beginning of each re-treatment is accompanied by the application of an anesthetic gel.
Redness first appears on the treated area of the skin, and at the final stage the skin becomes white.
The 3rd laser treatment sometimes causes blood droplets to appear. The laser vaporizes the skin around the eyes, the collagen produced fills the wrinkled cavities, so the face becomes smooth.
At the end of the session, it is necessary to use healing ointments, painkillers (if necessary), and occasionally use dressings.
The skin recovers in 2-3 weeks. It is permissible to start re-polishing with a laser no earlier than 3-4 months after the incident.
Plastic surgeon Kenneth Francis
What does laser resurfacing of facial scars provide?
Scarring of facial tissue occurs after traumatic situations, surgical interventions and acne on the skin. A carbon dioxide laser is often chosen for resurfacing.
The exception is delicate areas; professionals use the erbium option to carry out the procedure on them.
- Immediately after the procedure, the skin takes on a reddened and swollen appearance.
- A day later, yellow-brown crusts appear on the laser work area. After 5-7 days they disappear on their own, and the swelling disappears.
- After the same period, you can see the result, which is usually positive, which largely depends on the condition of the scar tissue. But at the very least, the edges of the scar will become blurred and its tone will fade. Gradually, even a wide scar will leave no trace on your face.
At the end of the procedure, a burning sensation occurs even after preliminary use of an anesthetic. An intravenous anesthetic is more effective for eliminating a scar on the neck.
Elimination of pigmentation
Skin pigments are familiar to 50% of women. The use of creams, decoctions, masks, if it helps to eliminate pigmentation, does so after many years.
And laser resurfacing combats this phenomenon quickly and effectively, since the laser beam, together with the epidermis, also destroys the melanin pigment.
Its excess affects the change in skin color. During the procedure, the colored spots melt. In return, cells are formed that produce and accumulate the natural amount of pigment.
As a rule, 7-10 days after one session the patient becomes the owner of an even skin color.
To get rid of pronounced spots and freckles, a repeat procedure may be required. But even after the initial sanding is completed, their color fades.
Rehabilitation after manipulation includes avoiding sunbathing and using tanning creams.
The result after grinding increases over time. This will require you to wait about a month.
Beautician Sean Patel
Contraindications to the procedure
Although the procedure itself minimizes possible complications, however, before undergoing laser resurfacing, it would not hurt a person to become familiar with the consequences that may arise.
Such skin treatment is not recommended for those people who have signs of inflammatory processes on their facial skin, which manifests itself in the form of acne, pimples and other rashes.
Nursing mothers and pregnant women should also refrain from such a procedure.
A contraindication to laser resurfacing is the period of menstruation, during which the pain threshold decreases.
People with dark skin color should not expose themselves to this risk
Also, the laser resurfacing method provides a number of other contraindications that must be taken into account:
- Presence of a pacemaker;
- Chronic diseases in the acute stage;
- Epilepsy;
- Diabetes;
- Colds or infectious diseases;
- Oncology.
Negative effects of laser resurfacing
The skin surface on the face after laser resurfacing sometimes does not please the patient with its appearance. This happens if before the manipulation the skin with the scar was in a deplorable condition.
The depth of wrinkles and the size of pigment formation also affect the result. But a professional will choose the right technique for processing the epidermis and conduct the event at a high level.
It upsets patients that after resurfacing with a carbon dioxide laser, spots and burns sometimes appear on the skin. But there is an erbium laser, and it is safer and more reliable.
You should accept the imperfect appearance of your skin after the procedure for a week. Swelling, wounds, peeling will go away, and the effect of grinding will please you.
If the skin has healed, but the result worsens, you should consult a doctor. Communication with a specialist should not be postponed when:
- Burns and blisters plague me. They are formed when the intense laser exposure is exceeded in sensitive areas.
- Pigmentation forms. This rarely happens due to reasons that are not fully understood. One of the assumptions is damage to the laser dyeing.
- Purulent inflammation occurs. And this is the fault of the patient, who, after finishing the grinding, ignored proper facial skin care. Therefore, it is forbidden to scrape off the crusts that appear: they are eliminated naturally. And the ointments will prevent tissue contamination - they will speed up healing.
Information about the type of laser will be provided to the patient before the start of the session by a professional cosmetologist. He is obliged to provide the client with recommendations for the recovery period, which will allow him to avoid a negative result after grinding.
How to care for your skin?
It is strictly not recommended for the first time after fractional laser (1-3 days) to sleep on your stomach and wear shapewear, provided that the procedure was performed on the body. Also, avoid sleeping with your face on a pillow to reduce swelling. Moisturizing cream must be applied to the damaged area at least 2-3 times a day.
Other recommendations:
- Immediately after laser facial resurfacing, it is recommended to use cold compresses on the affected areas of the skin to reduce the temperature.
- When crusts appear, it is strictly forbidden to peel them off the surface in order to avoid complications and ensure satisfactory healing. If necessary, soak it and carefully remove it with a damp cloth.
- During treatment and for two months after, it is prohibited to expose the skin to solar radiation. To do this, it is recommended to use sunscreen that is capable of absorbing all types of radiation (the packaging should have the following characteristic: SPF greater than 30).
- If it is not possible to avoid exposure to ultraviolet radiation, you should use sunscreen every 1-2 hours.
- It is strongly recommended not to use any exfoliants or products that contain salicylic acid, glycolic acid or retinol. These medications must be stopped 3 weeks before the procedure and for 2 weeks after.
After laser facial resurfacing, it is important to stop smoking due to the negative impact of combustion products on the regenerative abilities of the skin.
When can you wash your face?
In the first week, it is better to wash your face with saline solution using light and gentle touches (you should not wash your face for the first three days). Next, you can add moisturizer to it (apply carefully). In the future, it becomes possible to use warm thermal water from a spray bottle.
It is strictly forbidden to wash your face with cold or hot water in order to avoid any damage.
Cosmetics for healing
Care creams
Due to the natural appearance of an erythematous lesion and burning sensation, after laser facial resurfacing it is necessary to cool the procedure area using a special moisturizer. The principle of operation is the evaporation of liquid from the surface of the skin and the release of heat from the surface of the lesion into the environment, which reduces the local temperature and relieves symptoms.
Anti-burn and restorative creams should be used. It is recommended to apply them at least 3 times a day, but preferably 5 times. This type of medication is used after the procedure with an ablative carbon dioxide laser (CO2 laser).
The patient is introduced to all the features of care by issuing a booklet that contains all the detailed information.
Ointments for red spots
After laser resurfacing of the face, a 2nd degree burn occurs at the site of exposure, manifested by an erythematous spot with a feeling of heat and severe pain in the area due to the destruction of the epidermal layer of the skin. To relieve this condition, it is recommended to use Argosulfan cream, which has mild analgesic, antimicrobial and reparative properties. If this is not possible, it is recommended to use any anti-burn, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial cream.
Positive results from the procedure
At the end of a well-conducted event, patients note:
- noticeable leveling of scar tissue, reducing the depth and lightening of scars, disappearance of age-related irregularities on the skin;
- leveling wrinkles on the face and increasing the elasticity of the skin;
- improving the overall condition of the skin in the form of narrowing pores, evening out color, destroying age spots and returning a healthy glow to the dermis.
The transformation will occur 7-10 days after the end of laser resurfacing.
To speed up your recovery, many doctors will advise you to undergo a plasma lifting procedure. This is the administration of platelet-rich plasma, which is obtained from the plasma of the person himself.
Dermatologist Brian Chen
Care after sanding
It is impossible to significantly reduce recovery time, but you can prevent its increase and possible complications if:
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- Carry out individually selected and recommended preparatory measures by the cosmetologist.
- Carry out proper and conscientious care after deep laser resurfacing.
Preparatory activities include the following:
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- For at least 1 month before resurfacing, it is necessary to protect the skin from ultraviolet rays using high-protection sun filters. The best option is to carry out laser resurfacing in the autumn-winter period.
- If you are prone to acne before menstruation, it is advisable to carry out the procedure after it has resolved.
- In the case of areas of excessive pigmentation, preliminary use of chemical peeling (retinoic, glycolic acid) and bleaching agents is necessary.
- If there is a pustular rash, inflammatory elements or acne in the intended laser treatment area, it is necessary to take anti-inflammatory medications, appropriate skin care medications, physiotherapy, mechanical peeling, etc.;
- carrying out a preventive antibacterial and antiviral course of treatment (if necessary).
Skin restoration after laser facial resurfacing
Basic principles of post-grinding care
It is necessary to avoid contamination and contact of irritating substances on the wound surface, and refrain from scratching if itching occurs. If the procedure was performed on the face, then during sleep it is necessary to give the head and upper half of the body the highest possible elevated position to reduce tissue swelling. Instead of washing, you need to use irrigation with special means. Antibacterial drugs are prescribed for 7-10 days.
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To reduce pain, you can take analgesic or non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, during the first week, especially the first days, you need to stay indoors, preferably with slightly humidified air, and if you need to go outside, wear a medical mask to prevent ultraviolet rays and dust from entering the wound. The use of sunscreen during this period is not recommended.
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Sterile gauze wipes or bandages coated with a thin layer of cosmetic petroleum jelly are used as bandages for the treated surface, but it is better to use special meshes that are soaked in petroleum jelly. During the day, the dressings must be changed at least 4-5 times; after the procedure, apply cold to the treated surface of the dressings several times for 20 minutes, which can be an ice pack or cooling packs.
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Since ichor is released from the burn surface, which dries to form films and crusts, they must be softened by applying sterile wipes soaked in a solution of 6% table vinegar, 1 tablespoon of which is pre-diluted in 200 ml of cold boiled water. Napkins should be changed as they warm up or every 5 minutes. This procedure is carried out until the burning, pain and discharge of ichor stop.
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In this case, carefully (without effort) you should periodically remove the softened crusts. Do not tear off peeling epithelial “films”. Before each change of napkins, the wound should be treated with a 0.05% chlorhexidine solution.
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After the cessation of blood weeping, dryness and peeling of the epithelium occur and the formation of dense crusts begins. During this period, there is no longer any need for dressings with cosmetic Vaseline. Instead, intensive moisturizing of the wound surface is applied by applying compresses with a cool vinegar solution up to 5 times during the day, treating the wound with chilled serum, a concentrated solution with biorevitalizing and moisturizing effects, or a chilled moisturizer.
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In the second week after laser resurfacing, the skin in the wound area is slightly restored and the processes of exfoliation of the epithelium gradually stop. During this period of care, in addition to moisturizing, maximum protection from exposure to sunlight is necessary. To do this, it is mandatory to apply sunscreen before leaving the room to go outside, protect your face with a scarf, a wide-brimmed headdress or a medical mask. A gradual return to the use of everyday skin care products and makeup is allowed. Foundations with greenish tints are well suited to mask skin hyperemia.
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The listed rules are general in nature. The necessary care procedures after deep laser resurfacing and their volume are recommended by a cosmetologist depending on the type of cosmetic defect and the depth of impact.
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Cost of rejuvenation
The price of laser rejuvenation includes several items: type of laser, level of resurfacing, number of procedures, financial policy and location of the clinic in a particular region.
So, in the capital of the Russian Federation, 1 procedure costs starting from 20 thousand rubles. In the provinces, for example in Voronezh, 1 session will cost at least 10 thousand rubles.
For complete facial resurfacing with a laser for 1 manipulation, you will have to pay an average of 25 thousand - 60 thousand rubles.
Reviews
ANASTASIA, 31 YEARS OLD, SARATOV:
“Because of my wide pores, after much deliberation, I decided to have laser resurfacing. And the procedure lived up to expectations. The skin looks younger and regains its lost smoothness.”
LYUDMILA, 43 YEARS OLD, LIPETSK:
“The scars on my face are from acne I had in my youth.
Blurring the tone increased the severity of the flaws. And laser peeling restored the aesthetic appearance of the face. The skin is smooth and fresh.”
VERONIKA, 26 YEARS OLD, EKATERINBURG:
“I camouflaged my post-acne long and hard, but to no avail.
So I went for laser resurfacing. Recovery lasted 17 days, after the incident I showed up to my friends for the first time. They were delighted to note that the acne pits were barely noticeable. And as the doctor said, they will go away completely after another procedure, which I will undergo in a month.”
Patient reviews
Elena, 26 years old: The procedure was carried out because in adolescence she suffered greatly from acne and was left with numerous and very ugly scars. I'm quite satisfied with the result. The skin has become even, smooth, and looks healthy. The only disadvantage I can name is the long healing period: for two weeks the skin looked very ugly, you can’t show yourself to people like that!
Marina, 34 years old, Perm: Like many girls, she suffered from acne in her youth; the rashes left unsightly marks. The salon said that laser resurfacing for acne would help me get rid of these scars. During the procedure it was a little painful, and then the skin was very sensitive and inflamed. BUT the result was not bad. True, not all the scars have disappeared, but in general the skin has become much healthier and looks younger, and the remnants can be removed using more gentle resurfacing methods.
Lika, 30 years old: Had the procedure done for rejuvenation purposes: to eliminate too wide pores, small wrinkles, blue circles under the eyes, etc. The results of laser facial resurfacing met my expectations. The skin became very smooth and youthful!
Expert opinion
- Cosmetologist
- Surgeon
Anna Avaliani
practicing cosmetologist
With the help of laser resurfacing, you can really make the wrinkles on your face smaller and your skin smoother. In addition, after such a procedure, a lifting effect is observed. The session is carried out without pain.
Aisha Baron
plastic surgeon
To perform this manipulation, local anesthesia is used, which is why people tolerate it well.
The session itself lasts from a quarter of an hour to half an hour. Do not be alarmed by swelling and redness, as this is a normal reaction. Somewhere on the 3rd day, crusts form that cannot be removed yourself; they will fall off on their own in 10 days. Despite the considerable budget, laser facial resurfacing is an effective technique. The patient who applies for the procedure receives new, younger-looking skin. The main thing is to find an experienced specialist and quality equipment.
How does the procedure work?
To achieve the best effect from laser facial peeling, the patient first needs to perform certain measures:
- taking blood tests;
- taking antiviral drugs.
During the procedure, local anesthesia must be used, and the patient must wear safety glasses. To reduce discomfort, cool air is supplied to the facial skin, after which laser work begins, which affects the upper layer of the epidermis, evaporating moisture from it.
Sometimes the patient may experience quite painful sensations , however, they are temporary and disappear after the laser exposure is completed. The procedure itself may have different durations. The number of zones that need to be treated is of decisive importance. Most often, it takes from 30 minutes to 2 hours to complete all manipulations. At the end of the session, the patient can immediately go home, but first he still has to go through a rehabilitation period.
